In 4.3.1 4.3.1 QoS 0: At most once delivery:
"The message arrives at the receiver either once or not at all."
At most once delivery raises expectations about making sure no message is delivered twice.
It is unclear how duplicates of a messages are prevented from "arriving". What mechanism allows for that QoS aspect? (i.e. duplicate elimination). If there is no explicit provision for eliminating duplicates, aren't we rather talking of more simply "Best effort" semantics?